When the average person thinks of propane, we might envision grills, farm equipment, water heating, or blow torches. However, few consider the history of the dynamic energy source and the way in which it has gained traction throughout the 20th and early 21st centuries.
First synthesized in 1857 by the renowned French chemist, Pierre Eugene Marcellin Berthelot (1827 – 1907), propane was just one of many chemical compounds that would be discovered in Berthelot’s studies. Through chemical synthesis, the chemist was able to produce several sugars, fats, hydrocarbons, and more, leading to fundamental understandings in organic, inorganic, physical, agricultural, physiological, and industrial forms of chemistry. Although Berthelot was the first to discover propane gas, he would not be the first to recognize it as a fuel source. Berthelot wouldn’t see the rise of propane into a household tool during his lifetime. Instead, Berthelot’s discovery of propane and other chemical compounds led to fundamental advancements in the field of chemistry.
Contrary to the prevailing theories at the time, put forward by the Swedish chemist, Berzilius (1779 – 1848), that all organic compounds required organisms to synthesize new compounds, Berthelot’s scientific findings practiced chemical synthesis, often free of organisms, weighing heavy contradictory evidence against the understandings that had been put forward by Berzilius. Berthelot’s discoveries ultimately revealed that organic substances can be chemically manipulated in the same ways that affect inorganic matter, creating the groundwork for understanding that energy is the source of chemical change.
In addition to propane, Berthelot also synthesized many other hydrocarbons, such as the popular welding gas, acetylene, as well as, ethylene and methane. During the siege of Paris in 1870, as the President of the Scientific Committee of National Defense, Berthelot even used his scientific discoveries to construct explosives to fend off the invading German forces during the Franco-Prussian War.
Following Berthelot’s synthesis of propane, Dr. Edmund Ronalds, an industrial chemist and English academic, happened to discover the natural occurrence of propane dissolving out of Pennsylvania crude oil in 1867. This was the first discovery of propane occurring naturally, without synthesis. However, this discovery wouldn’t yield production implications until 43 years later, in 1910, when the chemist, Walter Snelling, would label propane as a volatile substance in crude oil and would begin manufacturing it for mass markets.
Snelling was the first to discover the energy potential of propane and other light gasses in oil while he worked as a researcher to make mining safer in West Virginia. Snelling labeled these lighter, high vapor pressure gasses as “wild gas” and gained a patent on the system of extracting these gasses out of raw oil. He also cultivated a process for creating liquified propane for travel and storage purposes. This method of transportation would be vital to the distribution of the product.
On March 31st, 1910, the New York Times reported on the innovation and unveiled to the world that “…a steel bottle will carry enough gas to light an ordinary home for three weeks.” The secret was out and Snelling was ready to take it big.
Establishing contact with a group of natural gas researchers, Snelling joined forces to open American Gasol Co. on November 11, 1911, in West Virginia. The company’s directors included Frank Peterson, C.L. Kerr, and Snelling, who held equal shares of the company. With Snelling’s patent for his LP gas process and another patent attributed to Peterson for a separate method of liquifying LP through compression, the pieces were in place to start growing the business.
In 1912, John Gahring would become the first person to purchase liquified petroleum. He made the switch for use in his home. Following slow initial growth, American Gasol Co. received funding from two financers in 1912 and, on August 25th, 1913, the directors were given an offer for the company from E. W. De Bower, who gave them a mere 30 minutes to decide whether or not to sell their company. The directors of American Gasol Co. reluctantly chose to sell the company for $50,000. Later that year, Snelling also sold his propane patent for an additional $50,000 to the founder of Phillips Petroleum, Frank Phillips. The story of propane would fall out of Snelling’s hands. In 1917 he would go on to work as a research chemist for Trojan Powder Company, maintaining his employment there through the World Wars and into his retirement.
As the years have gone by, propane’s usefulness has continued to grow as more devices are created to utilize it. The 1930s saw the implementation of aromatic gasses being added to propane to detect leaks. The gas that was added was often ethyl mercaptan, which smells of rotten eggs. The 30s also saw the implementation of railroad transportation for LP gasses and the use of propane in bottle factories.
By the beginning of the 1950s, over 60% of US houses had adopted propane or natural gas energy systems. The Chicago transportation system was even calling for propane powered bussing as the propane industry hit a national sales record of 7 billion gallons in 1958.
Past the turn of the century, US propane sales have soared even higher, eventually being valued as a $10 billion industry in 2004. Given the steady climb of the sale and development of propane and the growing climate concerns of the 21st century, the outlook is high for the industry. Some predictions even estimate that the propane industry will be worth $109 billion by 2027.
Starting as a small science experiment, propane has made it a long way to its place in the United States and other societies all around the world. Sometimes, we may take commonplace materials, such as propane, for granted, but there is no doubt that these discoveries have had a significant influence on how we are able to manufacture products, travel, and live our lives each and every day.